See -ł on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aht",
"2": "ath-pro",
"3": "*-ɬ",
"pos": "instrumental suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ (instrumental suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ (instrumental suffix)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aht",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ahtna",
"lang_code": "aht",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ghae (“to pack”) + -ł → xaeł (“pack”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tlʼuu (“bind”) + -ł → tlʼuuł (“rope”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives instrumental nouns from verbs"
],
"id": "en--ł-aht-suffix-aht:instrumental",
"senseid": [
"aht:instrumental"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ɬ/"
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aht",
"2": "ath-pro",
"3": "*-ɬ",
"pos": "progressive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ (progressive suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ (progressive suffix)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aht",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ahtna",
"lang_code": "aht",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ahtna entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 73",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 75",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Marks the progressive aspect, appearing in progressive verb stems"
],
"id": "en--ł-aht-suffix-aht:progressive",
"senseid": [
"aht:progressive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ɬ/"
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-lъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-lъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-lъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-lъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-lъ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-ł"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"",
"ł"
]
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a → prać → prał"
},
{
"text": "e → bieleć → bielał"
},
{
"text": "i → bić → bił"
},
{
"text": "u → kuć → kuł"
},
{
"text": "y → gaworzyć → gaworzył"
},
{
"text": "ą → dąć → dął"
},
{
"text": "d → bóść → bódł"
},
{
"text": "t → pleść → plótł"
},
{
"text": "s → paść → pasł"
},
{
"text": "z → gryźć → gryzł"
},
{
"text": "k → piec → piekł"
},
{
"text": "g → móc → mógł"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms masculine past tense"
],
"id": "en--ł-pl-suffix-go~Z0V3Q",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ły"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/w/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-w"
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nv",
"2": "bił"
},
"expansion": "Navajo bił",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare Navajo bił.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "shił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ŋhohł",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ŋhohł",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ʼaadił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "kił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "kidił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "yidił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indefinite"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlk",
"2": "postposition"
},
"expansion": "-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Wailaki",
"lang_code": "wlk",
"pos": "postp",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Wailaki entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Wailaki postpositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "with me",
"text": "shił",
"translation": "with me",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "with you",
"text": "nił",
"translation": "with you",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"with, accompanying"
],
"id": "en--ł-wlk-postp-yLP-vV4N",
"links": [
[
"with",
"with"
],
[
"accompanying",
"accompanying"
]
]
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ahtna",
"lang_code": "aht",
"word": "ł-"
},
{
"lang": "Navajo",
"lang_code": "nv",
"word": "ł-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "ath-pro",
"word": "*-ɬ"
},
{
"lang": "Eyak",
"lang_code": "eya",
"word": "-ł"
},
{
"lang": "Tlingit",
"lang_code": "tli",
"word": "-n"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qfa-yen-pro",
"2": "*-l",
"pos": "progressive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Yeniseian *-l (progressive suffix)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Has been compared with Proto-Yeniseian *-l (progressive suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xnd-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Na-Dene",
"lang_code": "xnd-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Na-Dene/-ł",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Na-Dene entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A progressive suffix."
],
"id": "en--ł-xnd-pro-suffix-rxfXUMtq",
"links": [
[
"progressive",
"progressive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ath-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "ath-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Athabaskan/-ł",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Athabaskan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative reconstruction of *-ɬ"
],
"id": "en--ł-ath-pro-suffix-ZF0D9cci",
"links": [
[
"*-ɬ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Athabaskan/-ɬ"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ahtna entries with incorrect language header",
"Ahtna lemmas",
"Ahtna suffixes",
"Ahtna terms derived from Proto-Athabaskan",
"Ahtna terms inherited from Proto-Athabaskan",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aht",
"2": "ath-pro",
"3": "*-ɬ",
"pos": "instrumental suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ (instrumental suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ (instrumental suffix)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aht",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ahtna",
"lang_code": "aht",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ghae (“to pack”) + -ł → xaeł (“pack”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tlʼuu (“bind”) + -ł → tlʼuuł (“rope”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives instrumental nouns from verbs"
],
"senseid": [
"aht:instrumental"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ɬ/"
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ahtna entries with incorrect language header",
"Ahtna lemmas",
"Ahtna suffixes",
"Ahtna terms derived from Proto-Athabaskan",
"Ahtna terms inherited from Proto-Athabaskan",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aht",
"2": "ath-pro",
"3": "*-ɬ",
"pos": "progressive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ (progressive suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɬ (progressive suffix)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aht",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ahtna",
"lang_code": "aht",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Marks the progressive aspect, appearing in progressive verb stems"
],
"senseid": [
"aht:progressive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ɬ/"
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-lъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-lъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-lъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-lъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-lъ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-ł"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"",
"ł"
]
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ły"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish suffixes",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/w",
"Rhymes:Polish/w/1 syllable"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a → prać → prał"
},
{
"text": "e → bieleć → bielał"
},
{
"text": "i → bić → bił"
},
{
"text": "u → kuć → kuł"
},
{
"text": "y → gaworzyć → gaworzył"
},
{
"text": "ą → dąć → dął"
},
{
"text": "d → bóść → bódł"
},
{
"text": "t → pleść → plótł"
},
{
"text": "s → paść → pasł"
},
{
"text": "z → gryźć → gryzł"
},
{
"text": "k → piec → piekł"
},
{
"text": "g → móc → mógł"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms masculine past tense"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/w/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-w"
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ath-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "ath-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Athabaskan/-ł",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Athabaskan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Athabaskan lemmas",
"Proto-Athabaskan suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative reconstruction of *-ɬ"
],
"links": [
[
"*-ɬ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Athabaskan/-ɬ"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ahtna",
"lang_code": "aht",
"word": "ł-"
},
{
"lang": "Navajo",
"lang_code": "nv",
"word": "ł-"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Athabaskan",
"lang_code": "ath-pro",
"word": "*-ɬ"
},
{
"lang": "Eyak",
"lang_code": "eya",
"word": "-ł"
},
{
"lang": "Tlingit",
"lang_code": "tli",
"word": "-n"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "qfa-yen-pro",
"2": "*-l",
"pos": "progressive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Yeniseian *-l (progressive suffix)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Has been compared with Proto-Yeniseian *-l (progressive suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xnd-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Na-Dene",
"lang_code": "xnd-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Na-Dene/-ł",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Na-Dene entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Na-Dene lemmas",
"Proto-Na-Dene suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"A progressive suffix."
],
"links": [
[
"progressive",
"progressive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nv",
"2": "bił"
},
"expansion": "Navajo bił",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare Navajo bił.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "shił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ŋhohł",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "nił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ŋhohł",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ʼaadił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "kił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "kidił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "yidił",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indefinite"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlk",
"2": "postposition"
},
"expansion": "-ł",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Wailaki",
"lang_code": "wlk",
"pos": "postp",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Wailaki entries with incorrect language header",
"Wailaki lemmas",
"Wailaki postpositions",
"Wailaki terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "with me",
"text": "shił",
"translation": "with me",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "with you",
"text": "nił",
"translation": "with you",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"with, accompanying"
],
"links": [
[
"with",
"with"
],
[
"accompanying",
"accompanying"
]
]
}
],
"word": "-ł"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ł meaning in All languages combined (6.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.